• MS
• Acoustic neuroma
• Ménière's
• Ototoxins
• Streptomycin
• Gentamycin
• Salicylates
• Thalidomide
• Cis-platin
• Vincristine
  
• Infection
• Meningitis
• Mumps
  
• Measles
• Flu
• Herpes
• Syphilis
  
• Metastatic cancer (brain)
• Cochlear vascular disease
• Presbycusis

Ménière's

• Triad
• Recurrent vertigo
• Fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss (Low frequency loss initially, develops to full-range)
• Tinnitus
• Sensation of aural fullness
• Usually unilateral but may extend to both ears in 25-75%
• Genetic component

Weird/wonderful diseases causing hearing loss

• Osteogenesis imperfecta
• Blue sclera (very thin sclera, can see blood)
• Waardenburg syndrome
• Heterochromia
• Wide-set eyes
• Low hairlines
• Monobrow
• Usher syndrome
• Visual as well as hearing loss (leading cause of deaf-blindness)
• Pendred syndrome
• Goitre / hypothyroidism
• Alport syndrome
• Type IV collagen deficiency => Poor basement membrane
  
• Glomerulonephritis
• Endstage kidney disease
• Cogan syndrome
• Recurrent corneal inflammation
  
• Fever, fatigue, weight loss, dizziness
• Behçet's disease
• Mucous membrane ulceration and ocular problems

Patterns of hearing loss

• Barotrauma => Mid-range
• Presycusis => High-end
• Otosclerosis => Low-end
• Meniere's => Low-end then full-range
• Acoustic neuroma => High-end (these fibres are on the outside of the nerve => hit first)

Auditory brainstem response

• Recorded via electrodes placed on the scalp
• Newborn hearing screening, auditory threshold estimation, intraoperative monitoring, determining hearing loss type and degree, auditory nerve and brainstem lesion detection

• Bilateral
• Progressive
• Low-frequency dip
• Stapidectomy + metal replacement

Blood supply of the ear

• Facial nerve runs through the ear
• cf Taste to anterior 2/3
• Cochlear implant indications
  
• Children
• Bilateral deafness
• Loss of another sense
• Wax is skin