Cervical cancer

Definition

• • Neoplasia of cervical cells

Risk Factors

• • HPV infection

    • type and duration of viral infection

    • host conditions that compromise immunity

    • environmental factors such as smoking, oral contraceptive use, or vitamin deficiencies

  • Sex at a young age

  • Multiple sexual partners

  • Promiscuous male partners

  • History of sexually transmitted diseases

Differential diagnosis

• Cervicitis

• Endometrial Carcinoma

• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

• Uterine Cancer

• Vaginitis

Epidemiology

Aetiology

Clinical features

• • Abnormal Papanicolaou test result

  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding, usually postcoital

  • Vaginal discomfort

  • Malodorous discharge

  • Dysuria

Pathophysiology

Investigations

• • Papanicolaou test

  • Colposcopy, direct biopsies, and endocervical curettage

  • Complete blood cell count and serum chemistry for renal and hepatic functions

Management

a) conservative

b) medical

c) surgical

Prognosis

• • May extend upward to the endometrial cavity, downward to the vagina, and laterally to the pelvic wall

  • Can invade the bladder and rectum directly

  • Symptoms that can evolve:

    • constipation

    • hematuria

    • fistula

    • ureteral obstruction

      • with or without hydroureter or hydronephrosis

  • Distant metastases